Stone

STONES

What are stones? Stone is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of minerals very strong they're used for construction

How many Kinds of stones do you know? I don't know differents stones, because for me all are similar, but in general rocks are of three types, namely, igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.





What characteristics do stones have?  Igneous rocks: They are formed when molten magma cools and are divided into two main categories: plutonic rock and volcanic. Plutonic rocks result when magma cools and crystallizes slowly within the Earth's crust (example granite), while volcanic or extrusive rocks result from magma reaching the surface either as lava or fragmental ejecta (examples pumice and basalt )

Sedimentary rocks: They are formed by deposition of either clastic sediments, organic matter , or chemical precipitates, followed by compaction of the particulate matter and cementation during diagenesis. Sedimentary rocks form at or near the Earth's surface. Mud rocks comprise 65% ; sandstones 20 to 25% and carbonate rocks 10 to 15% (limestone and dolostone).

Metamorphic rocks: They are formed by subjecting any rock type (including previously formed metamorphic rock) to different temperature and pressure conditions than those in which the original rock was formed. These temperatures and pressures are always higher than those at the Earth's surface and must be sufficiently high so as to change the original minerals into other mineral types or else into other forms of the same minerals.

Why are stones used in construction? They are used in construction because they are strong, versatile and economic materials. They can be molded or painted and they are durable more than others materials used for construction.

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From the studies of ancient times, it is known that mankind has used the materials present in their surrounding like stones, or rocks to protect them and for this they created the building. One of the most common materials used in construction is stone. It has many advantages; such as its natural characteristics, durability and adaptability. Stones resist deformation better than any other material, but also have disadvantages such as they are expensive, difficult to cut, transport and are very heavy. <span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 20.6667px; text-align: justify;">Stonework, is the process of working in stone, it involves cutting the stones and shaping them to achieve result, creating masonry and other structures. We can find different forms and sizes of stone, they are ashlar-mansory and rubble. Ashlar-mansory is regularly cut stone it is used in entablatures and Rubble is roughly broken stone, it is smaller and cheaper and it needs mortar. We can find stone working such as bonding it involves blocks placed vertically and for this they don't need mortar

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">Stone exercises __<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Definitions: __ <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">1) Rubble: The simplest and cheapest stonework <span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">2) Ashlar Masonry: The strongest and most suitable stonework for monumental architecture

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Statements of comparison and contrast: __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">1) ”…ashlar masonry, which consists of regularly cut blocks (usually rectangular). Because of its weight and the precision with which it can be shaped, stone masonry (in contrast with brick) does not depend on strong bonding for stability where it supports only direct downward loads.” <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">2) “the weight creates problems of stability when loads push at an angle; stone vaults and arches require more support and buttressing than equivalent forms in other materials”

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">__ Statements expressing cause and effect __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">1) “The best stone (and brick) bonding is that in which blocks are placed so that the vertical joints in one course are not about the joints in the course above and below, since the stone resists deformation better than any bonding material.

__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif;">Adjectives in superlative form __

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 110%; text-align: justify;"> 2) strongest
__<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%;">Adjectives in comparative form. __ <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">1) Cheaper <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Tahoma,Geneva,sans-serif; font-size: 120%; text-align: justify;">2) more efficient